Ninth Circuit Opening Brief In Appeal Of Ruling That Removal To Federal Court Waives Immunity

Here is the opening brief in Bodi v. Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians:

Shingle Springs Opening Brief

Here are some excerpts:

Because Indian tribes are sovereigns preexisting the United States and its Constitution, they may be sued only where the tribe or Congress unequivocally expresses consent to suit.  Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49, 56, 58-59 (1978).  Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court has admonished that the federal courts may not “carv[e] out exceptions” to the broad protections sovereign immunity provides federally recognized tribal governments.  Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community, 134 S. Ct. 2024, 2031 (2014).  In this case, the district court did precisely that.  . . .  [T]he court reasoned that, because the Tribe could have chosen to raise its tribal sovereign immunity defense in state court, the Tribe’s choice to raise the defense in federal court waived it.  Specifically, the court concluded the Tribe had “no principled reason” to remove the federal claims filed against it to federal court, and that, by virtue of the removal, the Tribe lost its right to assert its sovereign immunity to the lawsuit, at all.  . . . No law authorized the district court to imply a waiver on this basis, and in fact, the very notion that a Tribe can waive its immunity by implication contradicts well established principles of federal Indian law governing sovereign immunity.  It also contradicts the only federal appellate court decision to address the issue of whether an Indian tribe’s removal of a case to federal court waives the Tribe’s immunity to suit.  In that case, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeal specifically held it does not.  Contour Spa at the Hard Rock, Inc. v. Seminole Tribe of Fla., 692 F.3d 1200, 1208 (11th Cir. 2012). 

***

Apart from the dissonance between a rule that finds waiver of immunity from a tribe’s removal of a suit in which it is an involuntary participant, while preserving immunity where the tribe itself voluntarily files suit, the district court’s rule would incentivize litigation, unduly burdening both Indian tribes and federal courts alike.  Under the district court’s rule, an Indian tribe with any reason (even remotely) to anticipate suit on a federal claim would be incentivized to file preemptive suit in federal court, hoping to beat the prospective state court plaintiff to the courthouse.  This would result in a groundswell of preemptive federal court litigation by Indian tribes, requiring federal courts, in many instances, to expend their limited judicial resources issuing declarations on matters that would not have otherwise coalesced into litigation.  There is certainly no “principled reason” to impose this burden on Indian tribes and federal courts by manufacturing an arbitrary distinction between cases Indian tribes file in federal court seeking a declaration as to their sovereign rights, on one hand, and cases Indian tribes remove to federal court to assert a sovereign immunity defense, on the other.

Lower court materials here.

Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment in Agua Caliente Water Rights Claims

Here are the materials in Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians v. Coachella Valley Water District (C.D. Cal.):

82-1 CVWD Motion for Summary J

83 US Motion for Summary J

84-1 Desert Valley Water Dist. Motion for Summary J

85-1 Agua Caliente Motion for Summary J

Previous posts here, here, and here.

Tenth Circuit Affirms Dismissal of State Law Employment Claims against Ute Tribe

Here is the opinion in Becker v. Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah Reservation.

Briefs are here.

Lower court materials here.

New Indian Law Scholarship in the Tulsa Law Review

Here:

Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment Briefing in City of Duluth v. National Indian Gaming Commission

Here:

25 Duluth Motion for Summary J

26 US Cross Motion for Summary J

27-1 Fond du Lac Proposed Amicus Bref

30 Duluth Reply

33 US Reply

The materials on the federal government’s motion to dismiss are here.

Complaint is here.

 

New Scholarship on Removals of Indian Children from their Homes

Alyosha Goldstein has posted “Possessive Investment: Indian Removals and the Affective Entitlements of Whiteness,” published in the American Quarterly, on SSRN. Here is the abstract:

In 2013 the US Supreme Court effectively granted custody of an almost four-year-old child to adoptive white parents over the opposition of her Cherokee birth father and the Cherokee Nation in Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (the “Baby Veronica” case). This essay examines the Court ruling, and the protracted custody and jurisdictional struggles in its wake, in order to show how whiteness in the US has been historically constituted not only as a form of property but also as the capacity to possess. Against the perspective that colonialism persists in the US only insofar as indigeneity remains legible as racial difference, this essay focuses on how Adoptive Couple served as a means of reasserting white heteronormative rights to possess and to deny culpability for the ongoing conditions and consequences of colonization and multiple forms of racial violence in the present.

New Dissertation on Cooperative Land Use on an Indian Reservation

Dr. Rebecca M. Webster has completed her dissertation “Common Boundaries: Moving Toward Coordinated and Sustainable Planning on the Oneida Reservation” (PDF). Here is the abstract:

Comprehensive planning can help communities engage in purposeful and sustainable land use development. Previous research has indicated that Indian reservations in the United States often face unique roadblocks to these planning efforts: checkerboard patterns of tribal and nontribal ownership, and the presence of both tribal and local governments exercising land use authority within the same shared space. These roadblocks can lead to uncooperative, uncoordinated, or unsustainable development. Despite these noted problems, there remains an important gap in the current literature regarding solutions to overcome these roadblocks. The purpose of this study was to address that gap. Guided by Forester’s critical planning theory to critically examine the social and historical roots of planning within a particular community, this qualitative case study examined government records and conducted 18 interviews of tribal and local government officials. Data analysis consisted of coding data to reveal emergent themes relating to cooperative land use planning in the future. These themes included: (a) approaching planning with a regional philosophy in mind, (b) strengthening interpersonal relationships, (c) finding ways to fairly compensate each other for government services, (d) continuing to acknowledge each government’s ability to govern within this shared space, and (e) refraining from asserting authority over a neighboring government. This research is an important contribution to the existing literature and enhances social change initiatives by providing guidance for tribal and local government officials to increase cooperative land use planning.

For anyone who has followed the legal and political battles between the Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin and the Village of Hobart, this is a must-read.

Thurston County Tax Assessment on CTGW LLC Vacated

Here is the order:

Order 09-1559

An excerpt:

The pivotal question before the board at hearing was whether CTGW, LLC is an arm of the tribe such that it might be per se exempt from assessment and taxation on “un-attached business personal property located at Great Wolf Lodge.” See Galanda Decl. Exhibit H -01 (Quotation from February 11, 2014 letter from Thurston County Treasurer Shawn· Myers to David Burnett, President, CTGW, LLC). As explained below, the Board finds that  CTGW, LLC is exempt from all assessments and taxes on the un-attached business personal property used exclusively on tribal trust land and that the taxable assessment for each year subject to a petition must be reduced to zero.

Berkey Williams 2015 Indian Law Fellowship

Here:

Fellowship – BW Public Interest 2015

AT&T Sues Oglala Sioux Utility Commission over “Traffic Pumping”

Here is the complaint in AT&T v. Oglala Sioux Tribe Utility Commission (D. S.D.):

ATTvOSTUtilitiesCommetalComplaint2014