Child Welfare

Organizations and Law Professors Comment on Proposed ICWA Regulations

Kate Fort3 Comments

Here is a selection of a few of the major groups in support of the proposed ICWA regulations (as available from Regulations.gov or sent directly to us at fort [at] law [dot] msu [dot] edu):

American Bar Association
Association on American Indian Affairs
ACLU
California Indian Legal Services
Casey Family Programs, with additional signatories including NNABA and TLPI
Children’s Defense Fund
The Donaldson Adoption Institute
ICWA Law Center
Michigan Tribal-State Judicial Forum
Michigan Indian Legal Services
NABA-Arizona
National Indian Child Welfare Association
National American Indian Court Judges Association
National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges
NCAI
NARF AK
Letter from:
Advocates for Children and Youth
Children’s Defense Fund
Children and Family Futures
Child Welfare League of America
Foster Family-Based Treatment Association
Generations United
National Children’s Alliance
National Crittenton Foundation
National Foster Parent Association
Nebraska Appleseed
Nebraska Families Collaborative
New Mexico Child Advocacy Networks
North American Council on Adoptable Children

Law Professors Comment. Signed by 21 clinicians, professors, and deans representing more than 15 law schools.

Times have certainly changed since the original Guidelines were issued. Administrative law and the power of the federal government have shifted considerably in the past forty years. In addition, there was no way the federal government could foresee the dramatically different applications of ICWA across the fifty states. These new regulations are necessary because without them the application of the law is arbitrary, with Indian children treated differently depending on which state’s courtroom they are in. Having disparate interpretations of ICWA was certainly not the intent of Congress in passing a federal law, and conflicts with the rationale of the Supreme Court’s decision in Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 45-46 (1989) (describing the need for uniformity in defining ‘‘domicile’’ under ICWA). These regulations will provide a stronger measure of consistency in the implementation of ICWA and prevent the application of different minimum standards across the United States, contrary to Congress’ intent.

One of our second year law students at MSU Law, Whitney Gravelle, was a huge help in researching issues related to administrative authority and getting a first draft going.

 

State Comments to Proposed ICWA Regulations

Kate Fort

Alaska
Judicial Council of California
Minnesota
Washington

Unpublished ICWA Indian Custodian Case out of California

Kate Fort

Here.

The evidence that mother transferred custody of the minors to the paternal grandmother as an Indian custodian was equivocal and compromised. Although maternal grandmother took N.J. to the emergency room, she gave conflicting information regarding whether she had custody of the children. For example, while she told police that she provided care for the minors, mother had custody of them. Likewise, she told doctors that mother had custody of N.J. and that N.J. lived with mother. Indeed, maternal grandmother’s inconsistent and equivocal answers regarding who had custody of the minors was one reason that they were placed in protective custody.
Additional facts undercut any claim that maternal grandmother was an Indian custodian. L.J. was found with father at maternal grandmother’s house the day N.J. was admitted to the hospital. While the Citizen Potawatomi Nation had a specific procedure for establishing an Indian custodian, maternal grandmother did not avail herself of this procedure to establish herself as the minors’ Indian custodian. While the tribe was represented at the hearing on maternal grandmother’s request to be recognized as an Indian custodian, the tribe did not claim she was the minors’ custodian and did not object to the trial court’s ruling denying the request and reinstating the orders terminating parental rights. Finally, we find it telling that an alleged Indian custodian of the minors did not visit or request contact with the minors since October 1, 2012, five days after they were placed in protective custody.

Unpublished Active Efforts Case Out of California

Kate Fort

Here. Whether the state has the obligation to assist in enrolling dad and child at in the Chickasaw Nation as an active efforts requirement. The California Rules of Court include that in their definition of active efforts:

We note that the California Supreme Court is currently reviewing the validity of California Rules of Court, rules 5.482(c) and 5.484(c) in In re Abbigail A. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1450, review granted September 10, 2014, S220187. However, briefing and decision of the issue in this court and further potential review in the Supreme Court would significantly delay this matter, while stipulated reversal with directions will benefit R.P.’s interests more expeditiously. (In re Rashad H., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 380.)
Reversal is therefore appropriate given DPSS’s and the juvenile court’s failure to make active efforts to secure tribal membership for R.P. Although only mother appealed, the parental rights termination order must be reversed as to both mother and father. (In re Mary G. (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 184, 208.)

Tribal Nation Comments on the Proposed ICWA Regulations

Kate Fort1 Comment

An updated list–I know there are still some missing that were submitted, so please send them on if you’d like to be added (Fort@law.msu.edu)

Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation
Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake
Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation
Pueblo of Pojoaque Tribal Court
Southern Ute Indian Tribe
Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
Omaha Tribe of Nebraska
Tulalip Tribes
Central Council Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska
Cedarville Rancheria of Northern Paiute Indians
Colorado River Indian Tribes
Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation
Wyandotte Nation
Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chipppewa
Yakutat Tlingit Tribe
Sac and Fox Nation
Big Sandy Rancheria
Gila River Indian Community
Elem Indian Colony
Port Gamble S’klallam Tribe
Native Village of Port Heiden
Beaver Village Council
Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
Pokagon Band of Potawatomi
Samish Indian Nation
Confederated Trbies of Siletz Indians
White Earth Nation
Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians
Ho-Chunk Nation
Ho-Chunk Nation, Tribal Attorney
Temecula Band of Luiseno Mission Indians
Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
The Shoshone-Bannock TribesNative Council of Port Heiden
Puyallup Tribe of Indians

Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
Cherokee Nation Principal Chief Proclamation
Cherokee Nation Tribal Council Resolution
Letter from AAG, Chrissi Ross Nimmo
Letter from ICW ED, Nikki Baker Limore

Comanche Nation Social Services
Nez Perce Tribe Social Services Department
Quinault Indian Nation, Office of the Attorney General
Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Office of the Prosecutor
Oklahoma Indian Child Welfare Association
Alaska Native Health Board
United South and Eastern Tribes

Michigan Public Radio on Successful Brimley Elementary School

Kate Fort

Here.

I took a trip to the U.P. last week to visit Brimley, a very tiny town on the shores of Lake Superior. Aside from the Bay Mills Indian Community reservation and the area’s natural beauty, there’s not much to the place aside from a couple bars, a gas station, and a motel. But the residents are very friendly (I was invited to a smelt dinner the first night I arrived), and they celebrate their own: a recent issue of the local paper featured the elementary school’s Students of the Month, complete with photos and quotes from teachers.

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Well, this school has a high population of Native American children and kids from low-income families — two groups that statistically struggle in school. But here at Brimley they’re doing well; they are way above the state standard on tests and have been for the past several years.

Via Bryan Newland, who else?

Unpublished California ICWA Inquiry Case Requires Reversal of Orders

Kate Fort

Here. Out of Ventura County.

Although mother and the maternal grandmother advised HSA of Olivia’s Choctaw ancestry, no further inquiry was made. Had HSA asked, it would have learned that the maternal great-grandmother, Roberta Mae J., is alive, is an enrolled member of the Choctaw Nation, and was born on the Kiowa Reservation in Lawton, Oklahoma.

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After the writ petition was filed, mother’s counsel submitted certificates and enrollment applications to the Choctaw Nation tribe. On May 5, 2015, we granted mother’s request to take additional evidence that Choctaw Nation issued membership cards to mother and Olivia on April 15, 2015. The tribe’s determination that Olivia is a member of Choctaw Nation is conclusive. (§ 224.3, subd. (e)(1); In re Jack C.III (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 967, 980; Dwayne P. v. Superior Court (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 247, 255.) HSA’s failure to comply with the ICWA notice requirements before the six month review hearing requires that we reverse the February 2, 2015 order terminating reunification services, the order granting Olivia’s caretakers de facto parent status, and the order for a section 366.26 hearing.

California ICWA Decision on Placement Preferences and Standing

Kate Fort

Here.

Mother did not have standing to challenge a violation of placement preferences once her parental rights were terminated.

WaPo Column on Anonymous Child Abuse Hotlines

Kate Fort

Here.

These hotline practices can result in unnecessary trauma to parents and children. In Texas, a family had lost their apartment after the father lost his job as a welder. They were living temporarily in a spacious storage shed, which had air conditioning and a refrigerator, because they felt that the local homeless shelter was unsafe.  A passerby made a call, a caseworker appeared at the shed, and the state immediately took custody of the children without offering any preventive services. A court hearing was not set for two months. During those two months, the parents were only allowed to visit their children for less than an hour a day.

Hotline practices also disproportionately affect poor people of color. Many studies show the disparate treatment of minorities and impoverished families in the child welfare system. Black children are twice as likely to be reported as white children, while minority parents are more likely to receive higher levels of state intervention following a report.

Response to Motions to Reconsider in Oglala Sioux v. Van Hunnik

Kate Fort1 Comment

Here.

Motions to reconsider here.