ICT Analysis of Patchak Oral Argument

Here.

Michigan SCT Decides In re Morris and In re Gordon; Adopts “Conditional Reversal” Rule for ICWA Notice Violations

Here

An excerpt from Justice Cavanagh’s unanimous opinion:

While it is impossible to articulate a precise rule that will encompass every possible factual situation, in light of the interests protected by ICWA, the potentially high costs of erroneously concluding that notice need not be sent, and the relatively low burden of erring in favor of requiring notice, we think the standard for triggering the notice requirement of 25 USC 1912(a) must be a cautionary one. Therefore, we hold first that sufficiently reliable information of virtually any criteria on which tribal membership might be based suffices to trigger the notice requirement. We hold also that a parent of an Indian child cannot waive the separate and independent ICWA rights of an Indian child’s tribe and that the trial court must maintain a documentary record including, at minimum, (1) the original or a copy of each actual notice personally served or sent via registered mail pursuant to 25 USC 1912(a) and (2) the original or a legible copy of the return receipt or other proof of service showing delivery of the notice.1 Finally, we hold that the proper remedy for an ICWA-notice violation is to conditionally reverse the trial court and remand for resolution of the ICWA-notice issue.

Briefs are here and here.

Little River Band Ottawa Seeks Associate Legislative Counsel

Here is the posting:

Associate Legislative Counsel

IPR on KBIC/Bad River Letter to UN Special Rapporteur re: Mining

Here.

An excerpt:

A tribe in the Upper Peninsula is appealing to the United Nations in an effort to restrain sulfide mining. The tribe hopes to strengthen its position through an international agreement signed by the Obama Administration.

The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community says mines that produce sulfuric acid can pollute the water and threaten places sacred to tribes in the Great Lakes. The Keweenaw tribe fought the Eagle Mine, a new copper and nickel mine under construction in Marquette County.

The owner, Kennecott Eagle Minerals says it is leading a resurgence of mining in the Upper Peninsula.

One of the issues raised was the mine’s proximity to Eagle Rock, a rock outcropping that has been used for sacred ceremonies. Eagle Rock is prominently cited in a document sent to the United Nations. It says tribes are overwhelmed by the development of new mines and the State of Michigan does not consider their cultures when issuing permits.

Many American Indian tribes are raising issues like these with the U.N. now because the U.S. endorsed the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in 2010. A U.N. official is visiting this week to gather information about implementing the declaration.

An attorney for the Keweenaw tribe says the declaration is not law, it’s a political document that sets out principles. But she says it could lead to new laws that would help tribes in the Great Lakes region oppose sulfide mining.

Sault Tribe Membership Approves Lansing Casino Proposal

Here.

An excerpt:

The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians voted 3,947 to 2,311, or 63 percent to 37 percent, throughout the past month on plans for the Kewadin Lansing casino, which the tribe would own and operate adjacent to the Lansing Center. Voting was conducted by mailed ballots and closed Thursday, when results were tallied.

Keweenaw Bay and Bad River Chippewa Media Release on Report on Mining to UN Special Rapporteur

Here (Media release. Bad River 5.2.2012):

Keweenaw Bay Indian Community and the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa recently collaborated on a Statement of Information submitted to the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples documenting concerns about the activities of multinational mining corporations in Anishinabe territories.  The Statement of Information is available here http://www.badriver-nsn.gov/images/stories/docs/activities_anishinaabeg.pdf.

Today, members of the Bad River Band Council are attending a consultation with the UN Special Rapporteur in Mission, South Dakota.  Representatives from Keweenaw Bay Indian Community plan to attend another consultation with the UN Special Rapporteur later this month.

Patchak Oral Argument Audio Now Available

Here.

SCOTUSBlog Commentary on Patchak Argument (Updated with Commentary)

Here.

An excerpt:

Arguing for the Tribe, Patricia Millett likewise faced immediate skeptical questioning from Justice Scalia, who emphasized that a quiet title action is usually brought by someone claiming that he owns the land; in this case, Patchak does not claim ownership, but only that the government had no authority to take the land into trust. Ms. Millett argued that the focus of the Act is protecting the government from losing title to land; it does not matter whether it loses it to the person who brought the suit or to someone else.

The Chief Justice asked whether Patchak could get what he wanted by suing the Tribe directly, challenging its right to run the casino. He suggested that when the Tribe attempted to raise the trust status of the land as a defense, the court could then decide whether the trust was valid. Ms. Millett answered that such a suit might be theoretically possible, assuming that Patchak could overcome the Tribe’s independent possible claim of sovereign immunity.

Another excerpt (and a tentative prediction):

It was quite unclear from the argument whether the government will win if the Justices accept that this is an all-or-nothing choice. I would not be surprised to see a majority coalesce around the compromise position advocated most strongly by Justice Breyer – and seemingly not raised in any significant way in the briefs – that (1) an APA suit commenced before the land is taken into trust is not a quiet title action within the meaning of the Quiet Title Act (and therefore, is not barred by that Act’s reservation of sovereign immunity for trust lands); and (2) the suit retains that character, and can go forward, even after the land is taken into trust.

The alternative approach, advocated by the Tribe and the government, would be to say that the solution to the problem of premature mooting of the APA claim is to require the plaintiff to seek a preliminary injunction barring the transfer while the case is in litigation (which the landowner here did) and appeal the denial of any such injunction (which the landowner here did not).

Of course, if the Supreme Court went the route suggested in the first alternative, I suppose it would not be the first time in recent years that Court has given a win to those who oppose tribal interests on grounds not argued by that party (see, e.g, Sherrill). Moreover, such a hypothetical outcome recalls an earlier case where the Court overlooked or ignored the fact that an opponent to tribal interests waived critical arguments through procedural default (Plains Commerce Bank). Finally, such an outcome would continue to cement the decline of the federal government’s trust responsibility to Indian nations, a position often advanced by the United States itself in cases like Jicarilla Apache Nation (in what other context would an express reservation of federal immunity have so little import?).

WaPo Coverage of Patchak Argument

Here (h/t Pechanga). An excerpt:

 Several Supreme Court justices seemed troubled Tuesday at the thought of letting a lawsuit move forward that aims to shut down an already opened tribal casino in southwestern Michigan.

“It does seem that we may be wasting our time,” Justice Anthony Kennedy said. “I’m not suggesting that the … case is moot, but you did wait for some three years before you brought this suit. The building was built.”

Initial Commentary on Salazar/Gun Lake v. Patchak

We posted the transcript here.

* The first remarkable point about today’s argument is that Justice Scalia appeared to come to the rescue of counsel for Patchak four times , and by the end of Respondent’s time was virtually arguing the case against the government and tribe through counsel. Page 50, line 23 to page 51, line 8, Justice Scalia answers questions from Justices Kagan and Sotomayor on behalf of counsel. On page 52, line 11 to page 53, line 6, Scalia literally concludes counsel’s argument on his behalf, offering two questions that counsel needs only say “yes” to.

The first instances Justice Scalia offers help to Patchak’s counsel are page 34, lines 9 through 20, which ends with Scalia telling counsel he’s supposed to say “yes, sir” to his question and which also ends with laughter from the gallery (presumably the clerks); and on page 39, line 13 though page 40, line 4 (also ending in laughter as Patchak’s counsel agrees with Justice Scalia).

* Justice Scalia comments early on in the government’s time: “whether this land could be used for what you call gaming and I call gambling.” There’s a longstanding rhetorical distinction between those who support tribal gaming/gambling — opponents call it “gambling” and supporters call it “gaming.” Justice Scalia tips his hand, no doubt intentionally.

* In light of our post from earlier today, there were 60 questions for the government and the tribe, and 49 for Patchak.

* A recurring theme in the argument, starting with the opening question from Justice Sotomayor, was that Patchak could have sued under NEPA, other statutes, or federal regs (within 30 days) to challenge the trust acquisition before the land goes into trust, as MIchGO did. The possible weakness is that the government’s position seems to be it can take land into trust at any time to foreclose any challenges to the trust acquisition by slipping behind the immunity barrier in the QTA. If the government did this, then the due process/non delegation problems identified in the 1995 South Dakota v. US decision comes to light. It seems to me that the relatively easy answer is that the due process/non delegation claim is available to challengers if the government did act in this manner, and since it didn’t here, there’s no issue. Of course, the Court would have to trust the Secretary of Interior, which historically, it doesn’t really do.

Update: Even local television (Wood TV, notoriously anti-Gun Lake) conceded that the Justices generally seemed hostile to Patchak’s claims.