The October 2013 Term Long Conference: Indian Law Edition

There are a few Indian law petitions scheduled for disposition at the so-called long conference (which is today), where the Supreme Court Justices meet for the first time of the new Term to address cert petitions pending over the break. Thanks to SCOTUSblog for making links to the petitions easy.

SCOTUSblog’s Petitions to Watch lists these petitions:

Nebraska v. Elise M — Another ICWA case, this time involving the transfer of an ICWA case to tribal court. Wonder how, or if, the absolutely horrifying aftermath of the Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl case will affect the decision on whether to review this matter.

Ring v. United States — not really an Indian law petition but does involve the challenge to the conviction of a former associate of Jack Abramoff.

Other petitions:

James L. v. Devin H. — a pro se ICWA petition. No chance for a grant here. Respondents waived the right to file an objection.

Matheson v. Washington Dept. of Revenue — No chance for a grant here, either. Part of a long-standing dispute between Indian smokeshop retailers and the state and the tribe. Respondents waived the right to file an objection.

Native Village of Eyak v. Pritzker — troubling case, with the CA9 apparently applying the wrong standard, or applying it it incorrectly. Two factors (three?) make the petition all but doomed — it’s simple error correction, which the Court shys away from, and the United States is opposing the petition. The third of course being tribal petitions are almost never granted (less than 1 percent).

Onondaga Nation v. New York — MSU’s ILPC participated in an amicus brief supportive of the Onondaga Nation at the CA2. The SCT has already denied similar petitions in land claims involving the Cayuga and Oneida Indian Nations. By the time the Onondaga land claims went to the CA2, Haudenosaunee land claims were being summarily dismissed as a matter of law. In spite of a whole class of claims being dismissed without any attention to the arguments about whether the state’s defenses were sufficient to justify dismissal, it seems pretty clear the Court will deny this one as well. If anything, however, the Court should be concerned that an American court has held that a class of claims that meets two criteria — (1) the plaintiffs are Indian tribes and (2) the claims are “disruptive” — are being summarily dismissed on their face. Fingers crossed for a summary reversal and remand….

Tonasket v. Sargent — Very little chance of a grant, as both petitioner and respondent are tribal. An intra-tribal dispute, rarely heard before the Supreme Court. However, there is an immunity issue, and the Court seems interested in those cases. Small, tiny possibility of a CVSG.

SCOTUSBlog Petition of the Day: Nebraska v. Elise M.

Here:

The petition of the day is:

12-1278

Issue: (1) Whether the Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901-63, prohibits a state court from considering the “best interests of the child” when determining whether “good cause” exists to defy the transfer of an ongoing child welfare case; and (2) whether ICWA requires a state court to treat a motion to terminate parental rights as a “new proceeding” for the purposes of determining whether “good cause” exists to defy the transfer of an ongoing child welfare case.

Possibly a candidate for a CVSG.

New Scholarship on Carcieri, Patchak, and the HEARTH Act Regulations

Noah Nehemiah Gillespie has published “Preserving Trust: Overruling Carcieri and Patchak While Respecting the Takings Clause” (PDF) in the George Washington Law Review.

Here is the abstract:

The potential benefit of new Bureau of Indian Affairs (“BIA”) regulations for development on Native land has been overshadowed by two recent Supreme Court decisions—Carcieri v. Salazar and Match-E-Be-Nash-She- Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians v. Patchak—which cast doubt on the title to Native land and dramatically expand the rights of nearby owners to sue by challenging Native use of that land under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). Legislation that would amend the statutes the Court interpreted in Carcieri and Patchak could remedy these ill effects but would pose a new problem: the taking of a vested cause of action without just compensation.

This Essay proposes that Congress enact appropriate legislation that both overrules the Court’s interpretations of the relevant statutes and permits takings suits in place of suits under the APA, so that Native land remains securely under Native control. In addition, the BIA must harness the agency deference it deserves to set Native sovereignty at the center of federal Indian policy.

Op/Ed on Bay Mills Case by Nottawaseppi Huron Potawatomi & Saginaw Chippewa Chairmen

Bids for Limitless Off-Reservation Casinos Turns into Tragic Supreme Court Showdown
 
Indian Country is all too familiar with the perils of taking cases before the U.S. Supreme Court.  Even under the best legal circumstances, the high court has repeatedly handed down staggering losses that impact the most sacred issues to Indian Country.  That is why we are so concerned about a recent case the Supreme Court has decided to review that could severely limit tribal sovereignty for all of Indian Country.
 
The case is Michigan vs. Bay Mills Indian Community which originated in late 2010 when the Bay Mills Tribe opened an off-reservation casino in Vanderbilt, Michigan, about 125 miles south of its reservation without proper approvals from federal and state governments.  The Bay Mills Tribe, and its sister tribe Sault Ste. Marie, have argued in federal court that the Michigan Indian Land Claims Settlement Act of 1997 allows them to buy land anywhere in the United States to build a casino, so long as the land was purchased with land claim settlement trust funds.  The two tribes assert they are not restricted by geography or quantity of casinos. 
  
Both tribes have pursued federal litigation despite the fact that both the National Indian Gaming Commission and the Department of the Interior issued separate legal opinions concluding that Bay Mills claims are completely without merit. 
 
The U.S. Supreme Court granted review of the Bay Mills case after the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals sided with the Tribe’s assertion that sovereign immunity prevents the State of Michigan from suing to close an illegal off-reservation casino.  While we believe the State had the ability to close the casino under state law, Michigan’s Attorney General felt the need to seek relief from the Supreme Court since no federal entity would step in and close the illegal Vanderbilt casino.  We think it is safe to assume the Supreme Court did not grant review to affirm the lower court ruling.
 
All the Michigan gaming compacts contain a provision which states that no tribe shall pursue off-reservation gaming unless there is a written agreement between all the state’s federally recognized tribes to share in the revenue.  In March, a federal district court judge ruled that this provision is legally binding on all Michigan tribes – putting both the Sault Tribe and Bay Mills in violation of the compact.
 
Now, the Bay Mills case presents two questions to the Supreme Court; whether federal courts have jurisdiction to enjoin activity that violates IGRA but takes place outside of Indian lands, and whether tribal sovereign immunity bars a state from suing in federal court to enjoin a tribe from violating IGRA outside of Indian lands.  Given the Court’s recent decisions, we are deeply concerned the Court will cut away at the sacred doctrine of tribal sovereign immunity. 
 
Off-reservation gaming has already created a strong backlash from Congress.  It is unfortunate that some tribes who seek to build casinos far from their reservations are willing to risk the inherent sovereign rights of all tribes.  Once again, Indian Country finds itself before the Supreme Court in a case that should have never been considered in the first place. 
 
 
Homer A. Mandoka, Chairman
Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi
 
Dennis V. Kequom, Chief
Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe

Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community Oral Argument Set for December 2

Here.

Onondaga v. New York Cert Stage Briefing Complete

Here:

Onondaga Cert Petition

Supreme Court’s CFR

New York Opposition

Reply Brief for Petitioner [Onondaga]

Veronica Update from WaPo

Here (h/t How Appealing).

An excerpt:

The late justice Robert H. Jackson famously wrote of his colleagues on the high court: “We are not final because we are infallible, but we are infallible only because we are final.”

But sometimes the court is final only in the narrow question of law before it. That question decided, it sends the case back to lower courts, where sometimes the whole process starts anew.

Such is the fate of Veronica’s case. If anything, the Supreme Court’s decision has only heightened the stakes surrounding the rights of birth parents, the legal standing of adoptive parents and the sovereignty of Native American tribes.

NCAI Letter to National Indian Gaming Commission re: Bay Mills Vanderbilt Casino

Here:

NCAI Letter to NIGC re Michigan v Bay Mills

An excerpt:

We have reviewed the NIGC legal opinion dated December 10, 2010 asserting that NIGC has no jurisdiction over the disputed Vanderbilt casino because it is not on Indian lands. We respectfully request that you reconsider that legal opinion in order to avoid the “irony” and unnecessary legal dilemma that the Supreme Court intends to resolve. Although the NIGC authority to approve tribal gaming ordinances may be limited to Indian country (AT&T v. Coeur d’Alene Tribe, 283 F. 3d 1156 (9th Cir., 2002)), IGRA is structured to authorize the NIGC to take final agency action regarding Indian gaming operating outside of Indian country. Bay Mills maintains that it is operating the Vanderbilt facility pursuant to a NIGC approved tribal ordinance within the authority of IGRA. IGRA authority lies clearly within the NIGC to assess the validity of Bay Mills’ claim.

The NIGC disclaimed jurisdiction over the Vanderbilt casino here. See also, Interior’s letter.

17 State AGs File Amicus Briefs Supporting Michigan in Bay Mills Case

Here:

Amicus Brief of Oklahoma in support of Petititoner

Amicus Brief of Alabama, et al., in support of Petitioner — 16 states

 

Tenth Circuit Abates Oklahoma v. Hobia until Supreme Court Decides Michigan v. Bay Mills — Updated

Here:

2013.09.05 – Order Abating

UPDATE (9/11/13) — Supplemental Briefs are here:

Kialegee Supplemental Brief

Oklahoma Supplemental Brief

Briefs are here.

Lower court materials here.