Ninth Circuit Opening Brief In Appeal Of Ruling That Removal To Federal Court Waives Immunity

Here is the opening brief in Bodi v. Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians:

Shingle Springs Opening Brief

Here are some excerpts:

Because Indian tribes are sovereigns preexisting the United States and its Constitution, they may be sued only where the tribe or Congress unequivocally expresses consent to suit.  Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49, 56, 58-59 (1978).  Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court has admonished that the federal courts may not “carv[e] out exceptions” to the broad protections sovereign immunity provides federally recognized tribal governments.  Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community, 134 S. Ct. 2024, 2031 (2014).  In this case, the district court did precisely that.  . . .  [T]he court reasoned that, because the Tribe could have chosen to raise its tribal sovereign immunity defense in state court, the Tribe’s choice to raise the defense in federal court waived it.  Specifically, the court concluded the Tribe had “no principled reason” to remove the federal claims filed against it to federal court, and that, by virtue of the removal, the Tribe lost its right to assert its sovereign immunity to the lawsuit, at all.  . . . No law authorized the district court to imply a waiver on this basis, and in fact, the very notion that a Tribe can waive its immunity by implication contradicts well established principles of federal Indian law governing sovereign immunity.  It also contradicts the only federal appellate court decision to address the issue of whether an Indian tribe’s removal of a case to federal court waives the Tribe’s immunity to suit.  In that case, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeal specifically held it does not.  Contour Spa at the Hard Rock, Inc. v. Seminole Tribe of Fla., 692 F.3d 1200, 1208 (11th Cir. 2012). 

***

Apart from the dissonance between a rule that finds waiver of immunity from a tribe’s removal of a suit in which it is an involuntary participant, while preserving immunity where the tribe itself voluntarily files suit, the district court’s rule would incentivize litigation, unduly burdening both Indian tribes and federal courts alike.  Under the district court’s rule, an Indian tribe with any reason (even remotely) to anticipate suit on a federal claim would be incentivized to file preemptive suit in federal court, hoping to beat the prospective state court plaintiff to the courthouse.  This would result in a groundswell of preemptive federal court litigation by Indian tribes, requiring federal courts, in many instances, to expend their limited judicial resources issuing declarations on matters that would not have otherwise coalesced into litigation.  There is certainly no “principled reason” to impose this burden on Indian tribes and federal courts by manufacturing an arbitrary distinction between cases Indian tribes file in federal court seeking a declaration as to their sovereign rights, on one hand, and cases Indian tribes remove to federal court to assert a sovereign immunity defense, on the other.

Lower court materials here.

Federal Court Invalidates Part 291 Secretarial Procedures in Pojoaque Pueblo Case

Here are the materials in State of New Mexico v. Dept. of Interior (D. N.M.):

37 Interior Motion for Summary J

39 New Mexico Motion for Summary J

40 Pojoaque Opposition

41 New Mexico Opposition

42 Interior Opposition

43 Pojoaque Reply

44 Interior Reply

46 New Mexico Reply

48 DCT Order

An excerpt:

Plaintiff State of New Mexico challenges the Department of the Interior and the Secretary of the Interior’s legal authority to implement regulations found in 25 C.F.R. § 291 (“Secretarial Procedures” or “Part 291 regulations”). The Secretarial Procedures, if adopted, would allow the Pueblo of Pojoaque to conduct Class III gaming on its reservation. New Mexico asks this Court to declare the Secretarial Procedures invalid because they conflict with the unambiguous terms of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (“IGRA”), 25 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq. and violate New Mexico’s sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment.

MM&A Productions LLC v. Yavapai-Apache Nation Cert Petition

Here:

MM&A Cert Petition

Question presented:

This Court has an established jurisprudence recognizing Indian sovereign immunity, and defining its scope. The Court also has an established jurisprudence on what actions will work a waiver of immunity.

This Court, however, has never decided the issue of what needs to be shown to establish authority for waiver of Indian sovereign immunity, nor whether apparent authority can be sufficient to do so. Lower courts have done so, and are split on the question of the availability of apparent authority. E.g. Rush Creek Solutions, Inc. v. Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, 107 P.3d 402 (Colo. App. 2004) (apparent authority appropriately invoked); Memphis Biofuels, LLC v. Chickasaw Nation Industries, Inc., 585 F.3d 917 (6th Cir. 2009) (prohibiting use of apparent authority).

The question presented is whether the authority of a tribal official who signs a waiver of sovereign immunity may be established under the doctrine of apparent authority.

Lower court materials here.

Federal Court Dismisses Slip-and-Fall Action against Wyandotte Casino in Kansas

Here are the materials in Johnson v. Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma (D. Kan.):

7 Wyandotte Motion to Dismiss

12 Johnson Response

15 Wyandotte Reply

19 DCT Order

An excerpt:

Plaintiff brings this personal injury action against the Wyandotte Nation for injuries she sustained when she fell down a flight of stairs at the 7th Street Casino, which is located on land held in trust by the United States for the benefit of the Wyandotte Nation. This matter comes before the Court on defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 6). Defendant argues that the Court must dismiss plaintiff’s lawsuit because defendant, a federally recognized Indian tribe, is immune from unconsented suit and, therefore, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1).1 After considering the arguments made by both parties, the Court grants defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

Materials in Latest Round of Contempt Proceedings against Ysleta del Sur Pueblo

Here are the new materials in State of Texas v. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (W.D. Tex.):

423 Texas Motion for Contempt

431 Pueblo Response to Motion for Contempt

468 Pueblo Motion for Summary J

469 Texas Opposition to Motion for Summary J

470 Pueblo Reply in Support of Motion for Summary J

471 Pueblo Motion to Exclude

473 Texas Opposition to Motion to Exclude

477 Pueblo Reply in Support of motion to Exclude

483 DCT Order to Show Cause

News coverage on the show cause hearing here.

Wrongful Death Action against Pawnee Law Enforcement Allowed to Proceed

Here are the materials in Estate of Gonzales ex rel. Gonzales v. Brown (N.D. Okla.):

32 Waters Motion to Dismiss

38 Opposition to Waters

40 Waters Reply

45 Miller Motion to Dismiss

54 Kanuho Motion to Dismiss

55 Leading Fox Motion to Dismiss

60 Opposition to Miller

64 Miller Reply

74 Opposition to Leading Fox

75 Opposition to Kanuho

76 Opposition to Kanuho

77 Leading Fox Reply

78 Kanuho Reply 1

79 Kanuho Reply 2

81 DCT Order

Friends of Amador County v. Jewell Cert Petition

Here:

FAC Cert Petition FILED

Question presented:

Whether, in an action by a third party against the Secretary of the Interior under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq., a putative Indian tribe may invoke its sovereign immunity to prevent a court from reviewing the lawfulness of the Secretary’s decision to recognize it as a tribe.

Lower court materials here.

Eleventh Circuit Briefs in Alabama v. PCI Gaming

Here:

Alabama Opening Brief

State of Michigan et al. Amicus Brief

PCI Gaming Brief

US Amicus Brief

USET Amicus Brief

Alabama Reply

Lower court materials here.

En Banc Petition in Jackson v. Payday Financial LLC

Here:

En banc Petition

Clarkson Amicus Brief

Panel materials here.

Hicks v. Hudson Ins. Co. Cert. Petition

Here is the petition:

Cert Petn

Question presented:

Whether an insurance company doing business with a federally recognized American Indian Tribe is entitled to sovereign immunity for the acts and omission it takes in furtherance of the business of insurance.